Which Of These Substances Is Commonly Derived From Animals For Medical Purposes
Zooceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients Derived from Animals
1
Research and Development Partition, Prestige, 52024 Loro Ciuffenna, Italian republic
2
New Line Academy, 50131 Firenze, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Piera Di Martino
Received: sixteen Dec 2021 / Revised: 14 Jan 2022 / Accepted: 18 January 2022 / Published: 19 January 2022
Abstract
Many substances derived from animals are used as ingredients in the cosmetic industry and constitute a particular type of production: zooceuticals. The main ingredients used can come up from insects, such as snail slime; land animals, such as lanolin; and marine animals, such as marine collagen. Today, they are used less than in the past for hygienic–sanitary, ethical, and ecological reasons. Moreover, some can give rise to irritative or allergic dermatitis. Still, they however represent a fraction of the mutual ingredients in certain types of corrective products today.
1. Introduction
Cosmetic products containing ingredients of animal origin or, more more often than not, of zoological origin, are called zooceuticals [1,2]. This term is rarely used, and biocosmetics, cosmeceuticals, or natural cosmetics are spoken of more than frequently because they comprise ingredients of natural origin [3]. However, zooceuticals concern all cosmetic products for human apply. They are not synonymous with "cosmetics for animals", which are completely different products and are just for veterinary use or for the skin-care or hair-intendance of pets.
The chemicals used every bit cosmetic ingredients, every bit is known, tin be grouped into three principal groups of ingredients. The first group consists of the basic ingredients, which form the major quantity of the cosmetic product. The second grouping is formed past the functional substances that give the specificity of activeness to the cosmetic product, and finally, in the third group, there are additives, i.e., all substances added in low quantities to improve the characteristics of the product in terms of quality, safety, texture, appearance, and pleasantness. Animal-derived ingredients tin be used both as bones ingredients and as functional substances or additives, depending on the characteristics of the chemical used. Brute-derived ingredients are frequently polyfunctional, such every bit snail slime, and can contain a variety of substances with various corrective actions and uses, even if the majority of these chemicals are used as functional substances with moisturizing, soothing, anti-aging, or, more than broadly, conditioning effects for the peel, hair, and/or scalp.
Beast derivatives, used as ingredients in cosmetics, often do non require the cede of the animal—consider, for case, snail slime—or they are replaced by substances derived from plants, by chemical synthesis, or by biotechnological applications, such as hyaluronic acid, produced in the laboratory from bacterial cultures. In other cases, all the same, they correspond by-products of the beast industry, such equally crests, horns, hooves, and skin, and therefore derive from animal cede [4].
Today, animal-derived ingredients are less often used for various reasons [5]. They include the infectious risk of some derivatives, but also upstanding issues (animate being cruelty) and concerns regarding the protection of biodiversity and endangered species, such as whales and turtles [6,7].
In detail, the upstanding issues regarding ingredients of animal origin for cosmetics refer both to respect for animals (animals suffer similarly to humans) and to the defense of biodiversity in society to preserve animal species from extinction. This includes defending the entire ecosystem. Laws have been enacted to protect endangered species of animals, and hunting for wildlife is regulated in many countries. In addition, consumer awareness has grown in this regard, as has guild in general and the attending of manufacturing companies themselves. Certifications, such as vegan and halal, accept proliferated to ensure that the ingredients in cosmetic products were obtained without causing creature cruelty or harm to animals [eight,9]. Ingredients obtained without causing suffering or impairment to animals, such every bit snail slime and the bulk of bee derivatives, practise not raise whatever upstanding concerns. The situation is dissimilar as regards ingredients of animal origin deriving from breeding and the meat and fish industries: in this case, they represent by-products, i.eastward., waste from the production of products intended for nutrient consumption [ten]. The apply of these by-products in the cosmetic industry is allowed if they comply with purity, safety, and hygiene requirements. Withal, as mentioned above, where possible, they have been replaced past similar vegetable substances or by constructed derivatives. Moreover, today, many brute ingredients used in past centuries have fallen into decay considering they are not effective or are dangerous to wellness [xi].
Equally is true for all other substances used equally cosmetic ingredients, both vegetable and synthetic, ingredients of animal origin, including their derivatives, must comply with the quality, purity, and safety requirements for use as ingredients in the cosmetic industry. Furthermore, they must not be toxic, contain impurities, or pose a health risk to the consumer, including the take chances of manual of infectious agents. Toxicity due to dermal exposure, including irritation, sensitization, and phototoxicity, has been assessed in toxicological studies, and any adverse furnishings are reported in cosmetovigilance [12].
To facilitate the classification of cosmetic ingredients of animal origin, it is possible to group them into categories, as proposed past Proserpio and Passerini [13] and reported in Figure 1, i.due east., ingredients derived from insects (group A), derived from land animals (group B), and derived from marine animals (group C).
2. Ingredients Derived from Insects
Substances derived from insects and used as ingredients in cosmetic products rarely event from animal sacrifice, and they are often obtained without causing animals to endure. Thus, they are, in most cases, cruelty-free. They tin can be by-products of the bee, snail, and silk industries. The ingredients derived from these animals, mostly grouped into the and so-chosen Group A [13], are used especially equally functional substances (for case, snail secretions, beloved, and silk excerpt). They are less commonly used every bit basic ingredients (for instance, fatty substances such as beeswax) or corrective additives (dyes such as carmin/CI 75470).
Almost of the corrective ingredients derived from insects come from bees and snails. Other less-used ingredients are obtained from cochineal, silkworms, and spiders. The almost common cosmetic ingredients derived from insects are listed in Table 1.
Carmine (INCI: carmin), also known as natural red four or, more formally, CI 75470, is obtained from Reddish cochineal (Dactylopius coccus). It is used every bit a pigment [15] and it can exist plant in diverse cosmetic products with an aesthetic–decorative part, such as lipsticks, eyeshadow, blush, nail shine, foundation, and concealer.
Shellac (INCI: Shellac/shellac wax/shellac cera) is the resinous secretion obtained from Lacquer cochineal (Kerria lacca) and information technology is used as an ingredient in various corrective products, such as shampoos, nail polish, hairsprays, mascara, and lipsticks [16].
Silk, sericin, and their derivatives are often used in hair products, such as shampoo and conditioner, while an innovative ingredient is represented by polypeptides, obtained from web silk and used in various types of cosmetic products for the pare and hair.
2.ane. Bee Derivatives
We know that bees, with their precious work, are the ground of the balance of our ecosystem. Many plant species would become extinct if they were not nowadays, having serious consequences for the ecosystem, the food concatenation, and humans. Bees provide valuable hive products, such as honey, pollen, royal jelly, beeswax, and propolis, which take ever been used and appreciated by people, in terms of both nutrition and as cosmetic ingredients. Bee venom is also added equally a cosmetic ingredient [17].
I of the most commonly used corrective ingredients is honey (INCI: Mel). Honey is a functional substance used as a moisturizer and emollient. It deeply nourishes the epidermis and is rich in enzymes that are able to assist with natural skin exfoliation [18]. It is added in the formulation of many corrective products, such every bit for dry and mature skin, and is widely used in dark creams. It is also used in shampoos for lite hair because it highlights the natural reflections and leaves the hair protected and vivid [19]. Cypher prevents the use of common foods such as honey to prepare multipurpose masks. A nourishing mask can exist obtained by mixing two generous spoons of honey with a few drops of lemon and a spoonful of actress virgin olive oil. Once the mixture has been prepared, it should exist applied to the previously cleansed face and can be kept in place for upward to fifteen minutes. The mask can then be removed with warm water. A dearest scrub, on the other manus, can be obtained by mixing three tablespoons of honey with two to 3 tablespoons of whole dark-brown sugar. The mixture thus obtained can be massaged all over the body and left on for approximately 10 minutes. It can later be removed with warm h2o.
Another bee product widely used as an ingredient in cosmetics is beeswax (INCI: Beeswax). It is used both every bit a functional substance and every bit a base ingredient (stabilizer for emulsions, surfactant, emulsifying) or additive (rheological additive, viscosity control, texturizer, perfuming). Used every bit a functional substance, it has film-forming and eutrophic backdrop and is suitable for all pare types. It is also useful when applied to pimples because it is highly antibacterial and healing [twenty]. Information technology minimizes expressive wrinkles and counteracts skin atony. In improver to the numerous cosmetic products on the market, creams can be prepared using solid beeswax grains, dissolving them in a bain-marie and customizing the preparations with the addition of various other ingredients—for example, with lavender essential oil for the treatment of impure skin, with lemon essential oil to take a greater antibacterial and skin-purifying action, and with olive oil to prepare an excellent butter for the lips.
Propolis (INCI: Propolis extract) is rich in flavonoids and phenols and has a positive activity on claret apportionment and capillary fragility [21]. It is ofttimes present in hand creams and anti-wrinkle creams for its strong nourishing and repairing action [22]. It can also be used in cleansers for oily and acne-prone pare, thank you to its purifying action [21,23].
Pollen (INCI: Pollen) can be mixed into vegetable oils, such equally sunflower oil or rice oil, to obtain pollen oil [24]. This training is rich in vitamins such equally vitamin A, vitamin C, pantothenic acid, and flavonoids. Information technology is highly recommended for tired and impoverished skin. This oleolite can also be used on cracked elbows and heels to repair cracks more quickly.
Royal jelly (INCI: Royal jelly) stimulates jail cell metabolism and, for this reason, it is often used as an ingredient in anti-aging corrective products [25]. Information technology is as well very useful for regulating the secretions of the sebaceous glands and therefore tin too exist used on oily-prone skin. Information technology is often present in many cosmetics for the intendance of the eye and lip surface area.
Bee venom (INCI: Bee venom) is a substance extracted from bees. It is a complex mixture of various substances, including enzymes, lipids, peptides, and bioactive amines [26]. Information technology is as well known as apitoxin and is used in cosmetics as an severe and for its anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing [27], and anti-bacterial [28] properties. It represents a new entry into the cosmetic field, specially for mature skin. It is oft considered amidst the botox-like substances and is able both to promote the product of collagen and elastin and to human action on the cutaneous neurotransmission mechanisms with the relaxation of the mimic muscles [29]. The effect obtained, equally with the other botox-like molecules, is a transitory lifting effect.
Propolis and beeswax are substances that cause frequent allergic reactions (allergic contact dermatitis) and are therefore considered allergens [30,31].
two.2. Snail Derivatives
Snail slime is a complex secretion produced past snails. Information technology is mostly obtained from a genus of snail called Helix aspersa muller in a cruelty-complimentary style, without creature sacrifice.
Present, the involvement of the cosmetic industry in skin applications and the benefits of snail slime is very high. The first studies on garden snails (Helix aspersa muller) began in 1958 with Melnick's preliminary analysis [32] and continued with Williams's work on snail fungus [33]. Initially, snails were used only as a food source, but in some snail farms, during the harvesting process, which involved the cleaning and manual handling of the animals, the pare was observed to exist soft after being in contact with the snail secretion. Moreover, modest cuts healed quickly, without infection or scarring [34]. This show has prompted some researchers to better analyze snail mucus to understand this interesting belongings.
Snail secretion consists of a dilute network of polymers, usually containing more than 95% water [35]. It contains diverse substances, including allantoin, elastin, collagen, mucopolysaccharides, glycolic acrid, and vitamins. Mucous secretion is industrially treated before being added to creams, cleansers, and serums.
Snail slime has numerous backdrop: soothing and moisturizing, nourishing the pare, exfoliating and purifying, anti-wrinkle, anti-stretch marks, and anti-blemishes on the skin [36].
three. Ingredients Derived from Country Animals
Substances derived from land animals and used as ingredients in cosmetic products frequently result from animal sacrifice and/or are by-products of the meat and livestock industries. While, in the by, these substances were widely used, today, their utilise has been reduced in favor of the use of institute analogs or synthetic substances. The exclusion of some natural ingredients, such as civet oil and ambergris, is due to the protection of endangered species, to ethical issues related to violence against animals, and to health and hygiene issues [five,half-dozen,7,11].
The ingredients derived from land animals, generally grouped into the so-chosen Group B, are used both as bones ingredients (for example, fats and fatty substances such as lanolin) and peculiarly every bit functional substances (for example, hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin, and keratin) in very unlike corrective products and for the most various uses, from moisturizing products for dry out skin to anti-aging products. They are used less frequently equally cosmetic additives.
Almost of the cosmetic ingredients derived from land animals come from the cattle industry, especially collagen, elastin, and keratin. This is followed past the sheep industry, particularly for the extraction of lanolin, and the poultry industry to obtain the fauna source of hyaluronic acrid. Fats, milk, and other less-used ingredients are obtained from ducks, camels, horses, donkeys, minks, ostriches, pigs, and reptiles. The about common cosmetic ingredients derived from state animals are listed in Table two.
Lanolin, including its fractions (INCI: lanolin/lanolin cera/lanolin wax/lanolin oil), is a wax secreted by sheep's skin that is obtained from the processing of wool. This substance accumulates on the woolly fleece equally a natural protective and emollient for the animal and is formed past a mixture of chemical compounds, including esters of fat acids and cholesterol [15]. The main derivatives of lanolin used as corrective ingredients are: acetylated lanolin (INCI: acetylated lanolin/acetylated hydrogenated lanolin), hydrogenated lanolin (INCI: hydrogenated lanolin/PEG-20 hydrogenated lanolin/acetylated hydrogenated lanolin), hydroxylated lanolin (INCI: hydroxylated lanolin), lanolin alcohols (INCI: lanolin booze/acetylated lanolin booze/PPG-20 lanolin alcohol ether), and other derivates (INCI: Lanolin Acid/PEG-NN lanolin, where NN is a number). Information technology is widely used in creams and lip products and is rarely used in hair-care products. Lanolin is also a substance that causes frequent allergic reactions (allergic contact dermatitis) and is therefore considered an allergen [31]
One of the most commonly used ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics as a functional substance is collagen (and its derivatives). Natural sources of collagen are some brute sources, such every bit farmed land animals (bovines, swine), and some marine animals (fishes) [39,twoscore]. The primary sources of collagen are shown in Figure 2.
Following the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), especially for cattle (mad moo-cow affliction), but also later on transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), and avian and swine influences, many producers take chosen to resort to plant or synthetic analogs of brute derivatives in club non to run into problems regarding the condom of raw materials to be used as ingredients in cosmetic products [41].
Figure 2. The main sources of collagen (created with BioRender.com (accessed on 10 December 2021); reworked by [39,42]).
Figure 2. The main sources of collagen (created with BioRender.com (accessed on x December 2021); reworked by [39,42]).
Equally with collagen, elastin and its derivatives (INCI: elastin/hydrolyzed elastin) are popular in creams and anti-aging products. It is commonly extracted from the aorta or vertebrae of cattle [43].
Keratin and its derivatives (INCI: Keratin/hydrolyzed keratin) are widely used both in hair-care products (such as shampoo, conditioner, and hair masks) and nail-care products (strengthening nail polishes). Keratin is commonly extracted from the nails, feathers, horns, hair, claws, and hooves of various animals [44].
Hyaluronic acid is a very popular corrective ingredient, used as a functional substance in many skincare products, from peel hydration products to anti-aging products, in various cosmetic forms (creams, serums, daze vials). The animal source is the combs on the heads of roosters [45]. It is generally used as an ingredient in three different formulations, i.due east., high-molecular-weight to create an invisible film with a peel bulwark function (INCI: hyaluronic acid), medium-molecular-weight equally a surface moisturizer, and depression-molecular-weight as a skin moisturizer (INCI: hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid) [46,47,48].
Other ingredients derived from terrestrial animals are no longer used and have therefore fallen into disuse as they lack any real cosmetic issue or efficacy, linked to popular traditions and pseudo-sciences of past centuries (magical–alchemical traditions) or are even dangerous to homo health. Some examples are goat feces, canis familiaris feces, rat feces, squealer brain, ram'southward fatty, craven feather juice, turtle claret and oil, and toad blood [xi]. Furthermore, some ingredients, such as milk (cow, horse, ass), milk proteins, casein, milk derivatives, and the same lanolin, can crusade dermatitis or allergies in sensitive and predisposed subjects [30].
4. Ingredients Derived from Marine Animals
Substances derived from marine animals and used as ingredients in cosmetic products often issue from brute sacrifice and/or are past-products of the fishing industry. Some of these substances have been replaced with plant analogs or constructed substances, as happened with ambergris.
Ingredients derived from marine animals, more often than not grouped into the and then-chosen Group C, are mainly used as functional substances (for case, marine collagen). In other cases, they are used as bones ingredients (for example, fish oil) or as cosmetic additives.
Most of the corrective ingredients of marine animals come up from fish and some from crustaceans. Other ingredients, such equally plankton, cuttlefish excerpt, and fish semen, are rarely used and are often found in high-end corrective products.
The most mutual cosmetic ingredients derived from marine animals are listed in Table 3.
Ambergris is a strongly odorous substance produced by the intestines of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Its purpose is to defend the abdominal mucous membranes from the indigestible remains of the mollusks that the sperm whales swallow, hardening around them and incorporating them [49].
The term ambergris is derived from the Former French "ambre gris," which ways "grayness bister," as opposed to "xanthous bister," which refers to resinous amber [50]. Information technology was used for making perfumes.
Chemically, ambergris consists mainly of a mixture of waxy, unsaturated, high-molecular-weight alcohols [l], and the main chemical constituent is ambrein. Other chemicals, such as epicoprosterol and coprosterol, have also been found, just ambrein is the substance that gives ambergris its typical scent [51]. The mechanism of formation of the typical ambergris odor is shown in Figure iii.
Ambergris has at present become extremely rare equally the sperm whale is a protected species and cannot be hunted, and then it has been replaced past synthetic substances. More than rarely, information technology is possible to employ the natural ane if it is taken from beached dead animals, or sometimes information technology is recovered past fishermen when ambergris is regurgitated past the beast.
Chitosan and its derivatives (INCI: chitosan/Hydrolyzed chitosan) are linear polysaccharides composed of β-(one→4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that tin be obtained from the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans [15]. It is a by-product of the fishing industry. Chitosan and its derivatives are used as cosmetic ingredients in dental, skin, hair, and blast products [53].
5. Conclusions
In cosmetics, various substances of animal origin are used as ingredients. Products that contain animate being derivates, in role (such as some types of face creams) or wholly (such every bit snail slime serums), are called zooceuticals.
The most mutual ingredients are beeswax, snail's slime and derivates, collagen, elastin, keratin and their respective hydrolyzed derivates, hyaluronic acid and derivates, lanolin and derivates, and chitosan. Other types of ingredients are used less frequently or in specific products, such as nail-care or hair-care, and many substances are now replaced by similar molecules extracted from plants, or of biotechnological or constructed origin. This is due to hygienic–sanitary needs (preventing the spread of diseases, such as TSE/BSE), and ethical (cruelty-free) and ecological (safeguarding species in danger of extinction) concerns. Over the years, in fact, the sensitivity of consumers has greatly increased and the laws have rightly get more stringent in terms of the safety, ideals, and quality of cosmetic products (besides thanks to the improvement of scientific cognition and cosmetovigilance). Consequently, the attention of producers has also increased, and INCI formulas of cosmetic products today take into account all these factors, as well every bit compliance with other voluntary standards such as vegan, organic, kosher, and halal, which include or exclude one, more, or all ingredients of creature origin [54].
Author Contributions
Writing—original draft training, L.C.; writing—review and editing, L.C.; visualization, L.C., Yard.1000.; cosmetic applications and bee derivatives, 1000.1000. All authors accept read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicative.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Information Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of involvement.
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Figure 1. Grouping of ingredients of animal origin in zooceuticals.
Figure 1. Grouping of ingredients of animal origin in zooceuticals.
Effigy three. The mechanism of germination of the typical ambergris scent: due to the oxidative decomposition by seawater, air, and/or sunlight, ambrafuran is generated from the ambrein (created with BioRender.com (accessed on 10 December 2021); reworked by [52]).
Figure 3. The mechanism of germination of the typical ambergris smell: due to the oxidative decomposition past seawater, air, and/or sunlight, ambrafuran is generated from the ambrein (created with BioRender.com (accessed on 10 Dec 2021); reworked past [52]).
Table 1. List of the nearly common cosmetic ingredients derived from insects (Group A) one.
Table 1. List of the about common cosmetic ingredients derived from insects (Group A) 1.
| Animal Source | Ingredient | INCI Proper noun | Functions | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bee | Beeswax | Cera alba/Beeswax | Emollient, emulsifying, picture show forming, perfuming | - |
| Honey | Mel | Humectant, skin conditioning, flavoring | Dear cosmetics | |
| Nectar | Nectar | Humectant, peel workout | - | |
| Pollen | Pollen/pollen extract | Emollient, skin conditioning | Pollen cosmetics | |
| Propolis | Propolis cera/excerpt | Peel conditioning | - | |
| Royal jelly | Royal jelly/R.J. extract | Pare conditioning | - | |
| Bee venom | Bee venom/Bee venom extract | Severe, skin conditioning | - | |
| Bee larva | hydrolyzed bee larva extract/queen bee larva | Skin workout | - | |
| Beetle | Beetle larva | Beetle larva excerpt | Skin conditioning | - |
| Mealworm beetle (larva) (Tenebrio molitor) | Mealworm larva extract | Humectant, skin conditioning | - | |
| Cochineal | Carmine cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) | CI 75470 (carmin/natural red 4) | Colorant, cosmetic pigment | - |
| Lacquer cochineal (Kerria lacca-Laccifer lacca) | Shellac/shellac wax/shellac cera | Emollient, film forming, hair fixing, viscosity controlling | - | |
| Silkworm | Sericin | Sericin | Smoothing, antistatic, peel/pilus workout | - |
| Silk | Silk/Silk extract/Serica | Pare/hair workout | - | |
| Silk (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed silk/H. silk protein | Antistatic, humectant, skin/pilus workout | - | |
| Silkworm extract | Bombyx mori extract | Peel workout | - | |
| Snail | Allantoin (snail's slime) | Allantoin | Soothing, skin/hair workout | Snail cosmetics |
| Egg | Snail Egg Extract | Peel workout | Snail cosmetics | |
| Slime | Snail Slime Extract/Snail Secretion Filtrate/Snail Mucus Filtrate | Skin conditioning, antioxidant, humectant | Snail cosmetics | |
| Slime (Helix aspersa muller) | Helix Aspersa Extract/Elicina® | Skin conditioning, antioxidant, humectant | Snail cosmetics | |
| Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) | Snail Extract | Skin conditioning, antioxidant, humectant | Snail cosmetics | |
| Spider | Peptides (spider web) | Spider polypeptide-1/SP-4 | Skin/pilus conditioning | - |
| Spider web | Spider Web Extract | Skin/hair conditioning | - | |
| Spider web (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed spider web | Skin conditioning | - |
Tabular array 2. List of the most common cosmetic ingredients derived from land animals (Group B) one.
Table 2. List of the near common cosmetic ingredients derived from land animals (Grouping B) 1.
| Animal Source | Ingredient | INCI Proper noun | Functions | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comport | Fatty | Bear oil | Skin workout | - |
| Beaver | Castoreum ii | Castoreum/castoreum oil | Fragrance | - |
| Bovine | Allantoin (urine) | Allantoin | Soothing, skin workout, peel protecting | - |
| Amniotic fluid | Amniotic fluid | Moisturizing, skin conditioning | - | |
| Bovine amniotic fluid | Amniotic Fluid | Moisturizing, skin conditioning | - | |
| Collagen (ligaments) | Collagen | Moisturizing, peel/hair workout | - | |
| Collagen (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed collagen | Humectant, antistatic, emollient, picture forming, peel/pilus workout | - | |
| Elastin (ligaments) | Elastin | Soothing, peel conditioning | - | |
| Elastin (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed elastin/East. amino acids | Emollient, pare/hair conditioning | - | |
| Fat (buffalo) | Buffalo fat | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Fat (tallow) | Sodium tallowate | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Bile (bovine) | Gall | Skin workout | - | |
| Keratin (horns, hairs, hooves) | Keratin | Skin/hair conditioning | - | |
| Keratin (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed keratin/K. amino acids | Humectant, antistatic, film forming, skin/hair workout | - | |
| Milk | Lac/Milk | Skin conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (buffalo) | Whole dry out buffalo milk | Pare conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (casein) | Casein/Casein extract | Antistatic, skin/pilus conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (casein, hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed casein | Antistatic, skin/pilus conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (yak) | Yak milk | Skin conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Placenta [37] | Placental extract/Placental protein | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Placenta (Hydrolyzed) [37] | Hydrolyzed Placental Excerpt | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Sperm (bull: Aberdeen Angus) | Aberdeen Angus bull | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Camel | Milk | Camel milk/Camel milk extract | Skin conditioning | Milk cosmetics |
| Chicken | Albumen | Albumen/Albumen extract | Flick forming, peel/hair workout | - |
| Albumen (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed Albumen | Antistatic, viscosity controlling, skin/pilus conditioning | - | |
| Egg | Egg/Egg extract | Skin/hair workout | Egg cosmetics | |
| Hyaluronic acid (ridges) | Hydrolyzed chicken cartilage excerpt | Humectant, antistatic, moisturizing, film forming, peel conditioning | - | |
| Duck | Embryo | Duck embryo extract | Moisturizing, skin conditioning | - |
| Fat | Duck fatty | Peel conditioning | - | |
| Emu | Fatty (oil) | Emu oil | Emollient, skin conditioning | - |
| Equine | Fat (donkey) [38] | Ass Oil | Emollient, pare conditioning | Milk cosmetics |
| Fat (horse) [38] | Horse fat/oil/H. tissue extract | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Milk (donkey) | Equus asinus lac/donkey milk | Skin conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (horse) | Equae lac/Mare milk | Skin conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Mink/Civet | Mustele Oil/Civet oil | Mink Oil/Civet oil | Skin/hair conditioning | - |
| Ostrich | Egg | Ostrich egg yolk extract | Antimicrobial, emollient, skin conditioning | Egg cosmetics |
| Fat (oil) | Ostrich oil | Emollient, skin/pilus conditioning | - | |
| Ovine/caprine | Fat (goat milk) | Caprae Butyrum | Pare conditioning | Milk cosmetics |
| Lanolin (fleece) | Lanolin | Emollient, antistatic, emulsifying, surfactant, skin/hair conditioning | Lanolin cosmetics | |
| Lanolin derivatives | Lanolin *, PEG * lanolin, * lanolin, etc. | Emollient, antistatic, emulsifying, surfactant, viscosity controlling, skin/hair conditioning | Lanolin cosmetics | |
| Milk (sheep) | Sheep milk | Peel conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Milk (caprine animal) | Caprae lac/Caprae Lac Extract | Peel conditioning | Milk cosmetics | |
| Reptiles | Fatty/oil (crocodile) | Crocodile oil | Emollient, skin conditioning | - |
| Fat/oil (snake) | Snake oil | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Fat/oil (ophidian: Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi) | Mamushi oil | Pare workout | - | |
| Viper venom 3 | Viper venom/viper v. extract/snake five. | Skin workout | - | |
| Swine | Lard | Hydrogenated lard | Emollient, skin conditioning | - |
| Placenta (hydrolyzed) [37] | Hydrolyzed Placental Extract | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Stearic acid | Stearic acrid | Emulsifying, surfactant, viscosity decision-making | - | |
| Magnesium stearate 4 | Magnesium stearate | Anticaking, bulking, cosmetic colorant, moisturizing | - |
Table 3. List of the most common cosmetic ingredients derived from marine animals (Group C) 1.
Table 3. Listing of the nearly common corrective ingredients derived from marine animals (Group C) 1.
| Fauna Source | Ingredient | INCI Name | Function | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cephalopods | Cuttlefish | Sepia extract | Skin workout | - |
| Cetacean | Ambergris 2 | Musk ambrette | Fragrance | - |
| Fish | Cartilage | Fish cartilage extract | Pare conditioning | - |
| Collagen | Soluble Fish Collagen | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Collagen (Hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed Marine Collagen | Moisturizing, skin/hair conditioning | - | |
| DNA | DNA/Hydrolyzed DNA | Skin conditioning | - | |
| Fatty (codfish) | Cod Liver Oil | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Fat (oil) | Fish oil/hydrogenated fish oil | Emollient, pare conditioning | - | |
| Fat (shark) | Shark Liver Oil | Emollient, peel conditioning | - | |
| Egg [38] | Salmon Egg | Skin/pilus conditioning | Egg cosmetics | |
| Fin extract (Isurus oxyrinchus) | Shark Fin Extract | Emollient, humectant, skin workout | - | |
| Ovary | Hydrolyzed salmon ovary excerpt | Emollient, peel conditioning | - | |
| Semen | Spermidine/sperm | Pare conditioning | - | |
| Squalene (shark liver) 3 | Squalene | Emollient, antistatic, skin/hair conditioning | - | |
| Jellyfish | Collagen (Rhopilema asamushi, Stomolophus meleagris, Catostylus tagi, Rhizostoma pulmo) [forty] | Collagen | Moisturizing, skin/pilus conditioning | - |
| Jellyfish | Jellyfish excerpt | Humectant, pare conditioning | - | |
| Plankton | Plankton | Plankton extract | Peel conditioning | Plankton cosmetics |
| Porifer | Collagen (Geodia cydonium, Speriditae, and Icinia fusca) [xl] | Collagen | Moisturizing, skin/hair conditioning | - |
| Sponge | Sponge/Sponge extract | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Sponge (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed Sponge/Hydr. Sp. Excerpt | Emollient, skin conditioning | - | |
| Seal | Seal (fat tissue) | Seal oil | Skin conditioning | - |
| Shellfish | Chitin/chitosan [3] | Chitosan | Film forming, hair fixing | - |
| Chitosan (hydrolyzed) | Hydrolyzed chitosan | Pic forming, skin/pilus conditioning | - | |
| Starfish | Starfish powder [38] | Starfish extract/Hydrolyzed starfish extract | Peel conditioning | - |
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